Help-giving and moral courage on the Internet

Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., . . . Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 151. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018251

Ang, C. S., & Zaphiris, P. (2010). Social roles of players in MMORPG guilds: A social network analytic perspective. Information, Communication & Society, 13, 592–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180903266952

Bardi, A., & Schwartz, S. H. (2003). Values and behavior: Strength and structure of relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1207–1220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203254602

Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Baumert, A., Halmburger, A., & Schmitt, M. (2013). Interventions against norm violations dispositional determinants of self-reported and real moral courage. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1053–1068. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213490032

Bekkers, R. (2006). Traditional and health-related philanthropy: The role of resources and personality. Social Psychology Quarterly, 69, 349–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250606900404

Bekkers, R., & Ottoni-Wilhelm, M. (2016). Principle of care and giving to help people in need. European Journal of Personality, 30, 240–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2057

Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2010). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40, 924-973. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764010380927

Ben-Ner, A., Kong, F., & Putterman, L. (2004). Share and share alike? Gender-pairing, personality, and cognitive ability as determinants of giving. Journal of Economic Psychology, 25, 581–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(03)00065-5

Ben-Ner, A., & Kramer, A. (2011). Personality and altruism in the dictator game: Relationship to giving to kin, collaborators, competitors, and neutrals. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 216–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.04.024

Bickhoff, L., Sinclair, P. M., & Levett-Jones, T. (2015). Moral courage in undergraduate nursing students: A literature review. Collegian: The Australian Journal of Nursing Practice, Scholarship and Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2015.08.002

Bilsky, W., & Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Values and personality. European Journal of Personality, 8, 163-181. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410080303

Blaszczynski, A., Gainsbury, S., & Karlov, L. (2014). Blue Gum gaming machine: An evaluation of responsible gambling features. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30, 697-712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9378-5

Böckler, A., Sharifi, M., Kanske, P., Dziobek, I., & Singer, T. (2017). Social decision making in narcissism: Reduced generosity and increased retaliation are driven by alterations in perspective-taking and anger. Personality and Individual Differences,104. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.020

Buckels, E. E., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). Comprehensive assessment of sadistic tendencies (CAST). Unpublished measure, University of British Columbia. Retrieved from: http://www.academia.edu/3684242/Comprehensive_Assessment_of_Sadistic_Tendencies_Cast_

Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016

Calvete, E., Orue, I., Estévez, A., Villardón, L., & Padilla, P. (2010). Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profiles. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1128–1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.017

Carlo, G., Okun, M. A., Knight, G. P., & de Guzman, M. R. T. (2005). The interplay of traits and motives on volunteering: Agreeableness, extraversion and prosocial value motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1293–1305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.012

Correa, T., Hinsley, A. W., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2010). Who interacts on the Web?: The intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.003

Dawes, C. T., Fowler, J. H., Johnson, T., McElreath, R, & Smirnov, O. (2007). Egalitarian motives in humans. Nature, 446, 794–797. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05651

Dickert, S., Sagara, N., & Slovic, P. (2011). Affective motivations to help others: A two-stage model of donation decisions. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 24, 361–376. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.697

Elshaug, C., & Metzer, J. (2001). Personality attributes of volunteers and paid workers engaged in similar occupational tasks. Journal of Social Psychology, 141, 752–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540109600586

Greitemeyer, T. (2015). Everyday sadism predicts violent video game preferences. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.049

Halmburger, A., Baumert, A., & Schmitt, M. (2015). Anger as driving factor of moral courage in comparison with guilt and global mood: A multimethod approach. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2071

Hobfoll, S. E. (1980). Personal characteristics of the college volunteer. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 503–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00912860

Hodson, G., Hogg, S. M., & MacInnis, C. C. (2009). The role of “dark personalities” (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy), Big Five personality factors, and ideology in explaining prejudice. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 686–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.005

Jackson, J. W., & Poulsen, J. R. (2005). Contact experiences mediate the relationship between five-factor model personality traits and ethnic prejudice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 667–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02140.x

John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative big five trait taxonomy. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 114-158). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Kayser, D. N., Greitemeyer, T., Fischer, P., & Frey, D. (2010). Why mood affects help giving, but not moral courage: Comparing two types of prosocial behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 1136–1157. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.717

Kinnunen, S. P., Singh, M., & Windmann, S. (2015). Dissociating facets of self-reported altruism in India and Germany: Preliminary evidence. Psychological Studies, 60, 193-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-015-0309-7

Kinnunen, S. P., & Windmann, S. (2013). Dual-processing altruism. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00193

Klisanin, D. (2011). Is the Internet giving rise to new forms of altruism? Media Psychology Review, 3, 1. Retrieved from http://mprcenter.org/review/internetdigitalaltruism/

Konstabel, K., Lönnqvist, J.-E., Walkowitz, G., Konstabel, K., & Verkasalo, M. (2012). The 'Short Five' (S5): Measuring personality traits using comprehensive single items. European Journal of Personality, 26, 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.813

Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B. M., & McGue, M. (2001). Altruism and antisocial behavior: Independent tendencies, unique personality correlates, distinct etiologies. Psychological Science, 12, 397–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00373

Kruger, J., Epley, N., Parker, J., & Ng, Z.-W. (2005). Egocentrism over e-mail: Can we communicate as well as we think? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 925-936. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.925

Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1968). Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 215–221. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0026570

Lodge, J., & Frydenberg, E. (2005). The role of peer bystanders in school bullying: Positive steps toward promoting peaceful schools. Theory into Practice, 44, 329–336. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4404_6

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A Five-Factor Theory perspective. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Myers, W. C., Burket, R. C., & Husted, D. S. (2006). Sadistic personality disorder and comorbid mental illness in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 34, 61–71.

Parks-Leduc, L., Feldman, G., & Bardi, A. (2014). Personality traits and personal values: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19, 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314538548

Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4, 148–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204006286288

Poteat, V. P., & Vecho, O. (2016). Who intervenes against homophobic behavior? Attributes that distinguish active bystanders. Journal of School Psychology, 54, 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2015.10.002

Pöyhönen, V., Juvonen, J., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Standing up for a victim, siding with the bully, or standing by? Bystander responses in bullying situations. Social Development, 21, 722–741. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00662.x

Rigby, K., & Smith, P. K. (2011). Is school bullying really on the rise? Social Psychology of Education, 14, 441–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-011-9158-y

Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., Schwartz, S. H., & Knafo, A. (2002). The Big Five personality factors and personal values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 789–801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202289008

Rudolph, U., Roesch, S., Greitemeyer, T., & Weiner, B. (2004). A meta-analytic review of help giving and aggression from an attributional perspective: Contributions to a general theory of motivation. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 815–848. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930341000248

Rushton, J. P., Chrisjohn, R. D., & Fekken, G. C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the self-report altruism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 2, 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(81)90084-2

Sagiv, L., Sverdlik, N., & Schwarz, N. (2011). To compete or to cooperate? Values' impact on perception and action in social dilemma games. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 64–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.729

Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 25, 1–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6

Schwartz, S. H. (2010). Basic values: How they motivate and inhibit prosocial behavior. In M. Mikulincer & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Prosocial motives, emotions, and behavior: The better angels of our nature (pp. 221–241). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 878-891. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.878

Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., Harris, M., & Owens, V. (2001). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 519–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032005001

Sekerka, L. E., Bagozzi, R. P., & Charnigo, R. (2009). Facing ethical challenges in the workplace: Conceptualizing and measuring professional moral courage. Journal of Business Ethics, 89, 565–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-0017-5

Stel, M., Van Baaren, R. B., & Vonk, R. (2008). Effects of mimicking: Acting prosocially by being emotionally moved. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 965–976. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.472

Sticca, F., & Perren, S. (2013). Is cyberbullying worse than traditional bullying? Examining the differential roles of medium, publicity, and anonymity for the perceived severity of bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 739–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9867-3

Thornberg, R. (2007). A classmate in distress: Schoolchildren as bystanders and their reasons for how they act. Social Psychology of Education, 10, 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-006-9009-4

Utz, S. (2009). Egoboo vs. altruism: The role of consumer reputation in online consumer communities. New Media & Society, 11, 357–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444808101616

Verkasalo, M., Lönnqvist, J.-E., Lipsanen, J., & Helkama, K. (2009). European norms and equations for a two dimensional presentation of values as measured with Schwartz's 21-item Portrait Values Questionnaire. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 780–792. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.580

Wang, C. C., & Wang, C. H. (2008). Helping others in online games: Prosocial behavior in cyberspace. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 344–346. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0045

Weinstein, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). When helping helps: Autonomous motivation for prosocial behavior and its influence on well-being for the helper and recipient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 222-244. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016984

Winter, D. G., John, O. O., Stewart, A. J., Klohnen, E. C., & Duncan, L. E. (1998). Traits and motives: Toward an integration of two traditions in personality research. Psychological Review, 105, 230-250. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.230

Wright, M. F., & Li, Y. (2011). The associations between young adults’ face-to-face prosocial behaviors and their online prosocial behaviors. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 1959–1962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.04.019