Developing a shorter version of the Estonian Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (E-SAPS18)

Vol.10,No.4(2016)

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to develop a shorter version of the Estonian Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale based on previous works (e.g., Ching et al., 2015; Kwon, Lee, et al., 2013; Rozgonjuk, Rosenvald, & Täht, 2016). Seven hundred and sixty-seven people participated in the study (Mage = 26.10 ± 6.73 years; 22% male), for which they completed the Smartphone Addiction Scale (E-SAS-33; Rozgonjuk, Rosenvald, & Täht, 2016), the Estonian Internet Addiction Test (E-IAT; based on Young, 1998), and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS; Kwon, Lee, et al., 2013). Exploratory factor analysis (maximum likelihood with geomin rotation) and confirmatory factor analysis (parameter estimation: maximum likelihood), an internal-consistency test, t- tests for mean comparisons, correlation analysis and experts’ opinions were used to shorten the E-SAS-33 and validate a new version of the scale. The results of the analyses showed that the 18-item test with five subscales (“tolerance”, “positive anticipation”, “cyberspace-oriented relationships”, “withdrawal”, and “physical symptoms” ) has sound psychometric properties and that the content of the subscales is similar to the original. Among the results, statistically significant differences in E-SAPS18 scores were found in gender, age, level of education, smartphone main use and self-reported addiction. Furthermore, correlates suggest that smartphone addiction, social media use, and Internet addiction might share a similar underlying mechanism.

Keywords:
Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale; adaptation; validation; smartphone addiction
Author biographies

Dmitri Rozgonjuk

Dmitri Rozgonjuk (M.A. University of Tartu, 2015; dmroz@ut.ee) is a PhD researcher in Psychology at the University of Tartu, Estonia. His main interests include the impact of digital device and social media usage on subjective well-being, mental health, and academic outcomes.

Valdur Rosenvald

Valdur Rosenvald (B.A. University of Tartu, 2016; valdur@kolgata.ee) is an undergraduate student in Psychology at the University of Tartu, Estonia. Part of this study is based on his undergraduate research project.

Sven Janno

Sven Janno (M.D. University of Helsinki, 2006; sven.janno@kliinikum.ee) is the Head of Psychiatric Clinic of University of Tartu, Estonia. His research has been mainly conducted in the field of schizophrenia.

Karin Täht

Karin Täht (Ph.D. University of Tartu, 2012; karin.taht@ut.ee) is a research fellow (psychometrics) in the Department of Psychology at the University of Tartu, Estonia. Her research has mainly been connected with educational psychology.
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