Developing a shorter version of the Estonian Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (E-SAPS18)

Dmitri Rozgonjuk; Valdur Rosenvald; Sven Janno; Karin Täht

doi:10.5817/CP2016-4-4

Developing a shorter version of the Estonian Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (E-SAPS18)

Vol.10,No.4(2016)

Dmitri Rozgonjuk Valdur Rosenvald Sven Janno Karin Täht

https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2016-4-4

How to Cite:

Rozgonjuk, D., Rosenvald, V., Janno, S., & Täht, K. (2016). Developing a shorter version of the Estonian Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (E-SAPS18). Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 10(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2016-4-4

PDF

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to develop a shorter version of the Estonian Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale based on previous works (e.g., Ching et al., 2015; Kwon, Lee, et al., 2013; Rozgonjuk, Rosenvald, & Täht, 2016). Seven hundred and sixty-seven people participated in the study (M_age = 26.10 ± 6.73 years; 22% male), for which they completed the Smartphone Addiction Scale (E-SAS-33; Rozgonjuk, Rosenvald, & Täht, 2016), the Estonian Internet Addiction Test (E-IAT; based on Young, 1998), and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS; Kwon, Lee, et al., 2013). Exploratory factor analysis (maximum likelihood with geomin rotation) and confirmatory factor analysis (parameter estimation: maximum likelihood), an internal-consistency test, t- tests for mean comparisons, correlation analysis and experts’ opinions were used to shorten the E-SAS-33 and validate a new version of the scale. The results of the analyses showed that the 18-item test with five subscales (“tolerance”, “positive anticipation”, “cyberspace-oriented relationships”, “withdrawal”, and “physical symptoms” ) has sound psychometric properties and that the content of the subscales is similar to the original. Among the results, statistically significant differences in E-SAPS18 scores were found in gender, age, level of education, smartphone main use and self-reported addiction. Furthermore, correlates suggest that smartphone addiction, social media use, and Internet addiction might share a similar underlying mechanism.

Keywords:
Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale; adaptation; validation; smartphone addiction

Author biographies

Dmitri Rozgonjuk

Dmitri Rozgonjuk (M.A. University of Tartu, 2015; dmroz@ut.ee) is a PhD researcher in Psychology at the University of Tartu, Estonia. His main interests include the impact of digital device and social media usage on subjective well-being, mental health, and academic outcomes.

Valdur Rosenvald

Valdur Rosenvald (B.A. University of Tartu, 2016; valdur@kolgata.ee) is an undergraduate student in Psychology at the University of Tartu, Estonia. Part of this study is based on his undergraduate research project.

Sven Janno

Sven Janno (M.D. University of Helsinki, 2006; sven.janno@kliinikum.ee) is the Head of Psychiatric Clinic of University of Tartu, Estonia. His research has been mainly conducted in the field of schizophrenia.

Karin Täht

Karin Täht (Ph.D. University of Tartu, 2012; karin.taht@ut.ee) is a research fellow (psychometrics) in the Department of Psychology at the University of Tartu, Estonia. Her research has mainly been connected with educational psychology.

References

Acharya, J. P., Acharya, I., & Waghrey, D. (2013). A study on some of the common health effects of cell-phones amongst college students. Journal of Community Medicine & Health Education, 3(article 214). https://doi.org/ 10.5958/j.2319-5886.2.3.068

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Bian, M., & Leung, L. (2015). Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone addiction symptoms, and patterns of smartphone use to social capital. Social Science Computer Review, 33, 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314528779

Billieux, J. (2012). Problematic use of the mobile phone: A literature review and a pathways model. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8, 299-307. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520522

Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research. Current Addiction Reports, 2, 156-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y

Billieux, J., Van der Linden, M., & Rochat, L. (2008). The role of impulsivity in actual and problematic use of the mobile phone. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22, 1195-1210. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1429

Ching, S. M., Yee, A., Ramachandran, V., Lim, S. M. S., Sulaiman, W. A. W., Foo, Y. L., & kee Hoo, F. (2015). Validation of a Malay version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale among medical students in Malaysia. PloS ONE, 10(10), e0139337. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139337

Choliz, M. (2010). Mobile phone addiction: A point of issue. Addiction, 105, 373-374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02854.x

Demirci, K., Orhan, H., Demirdas, A., Akpınar, A., & Sert, H. (2014). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in a younger population. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24, 226-234. https://doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20140710040824

Deursen, A. J., Bolle, C. L., Hegner, S. M., & Kommers, P. A. (2015). Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 411-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039

Dingus, T. A., Guo, F., Lee, S., Antin, J. F., Perez, M., Buchanan-King, M., & Hankey, J. (2016). Driver crash risk factors and prevalence evaluation using naturalistic driving data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 2636-2641. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513271113

Duggan, M., & Brenner, J. (2013, February 14). The demographics of social media users – 2012. Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/02/14/the-demographics-of-social-media-users-2012/

Eduardo, P. P., Teresa, M., Monje, R., María, J., Sanchez, R., & León, D. (2012). Mobile phone abuse or addiction: A review of the literature. Adicciones, 24, 139-152.

Enez Darcin, A., Kose, S., Noyan, C. O., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2016). Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35, 520-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2016.1158319

Fox, S., & Rainie, L. (2014, February 27). The web at 25 in the US. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/02/27/the-web-at-25-in-the-u-s/

Haug, S., Castro, R. P., Kwon, M., Filler, A., Kowatsch, T., & Schaub, M. P. (2015). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4, 299-307. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.037

Holden, C. (2001). 'Behavioral' addictions: Do they exist? Science, 294, 980-982. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.294.5544.980

Kim, D., Lee, Y., Lee, J., Nam, J. K., & Chung, Y. (2014). Development of Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for youth. PLoS ONE, 9(5), e97920. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097920

Kim, E. J., Namkoong, K., Ku, T., & Kim, S. J. (2008). The relationship between online game addiction and aggression, self-control and narcissistic personality traits. European Psychiatry, 23, 212-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.10.010

Kim, K., Ryu, E., Chon, M. Y., Yeun, E. J., Choi, S. Y., Seo, J. S., & Nam, B. W. (2006). Internet addiction in Korean adolescents and its relation to depression and suicidal ideation: a questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43, 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.02.005

Kim, S., & Kim, R. (2002). A study of internet addiction: Status, causes, and remedies. Journal of Korean Home Economics Association English Edition, 3(1), 1-19.

Kim, Y., Jeong, J. E., Cho, H., Jung, D. J., Kwak, M., Rho, M. J., . . . Choi, I. Y. (2016). Personality factors predicting smartphone addiction predisposition: Behavioral inhibition and activation systems, impulsivity, and self-control. PloS ONE, 11(8), e0159788. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159788

Klauer, S. G., Dingus, T. A., Neale, V. L., Sudweeks, J. D., & Ramsey, D. J. (2006). The impact of driver inattention on near-crash/crash risk: An analysis using the 100-car naturalistic driving study data. Washington, DC: United States.

Kline, P. (2013). Handbook of psychological testing. London: Routledge.

Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone Addiction Scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PloS ONE, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558

Kwon, M., Lee, J. Y., Won, W. Y., Park, J. W., Min, J. A., Hahn, C., . . . Kim, D. J. (2013). Development and validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). PloS ONE, 8(2), e56936. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056936

Lee, Y. K., Chang, C. T., Lin, Y., & Cheng, Z. H. (2014). The dark side of smartphone usage: Psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 373-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.047

Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2014). The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.049

Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., Sanders, G. J., Rebold, M., & Gates, P. (2013). The relationship between cell phone use, physical and sedentary activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness in a sample of US college students. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(article 79). https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-79

Lin, Y. H., Chang, L. R., Lee, Y. H., Tseng, H. W., Kuo, T. B., & Chen, S. H. (2014). Development and validation of the smartphone addiction inventory (SPAI). PloS ONE, 9(6), e98312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098312

Lin, Y. H., Lin, Y. C., Lee, Y. H., Lin, P. H., Lin, S. H., Chang, L. R., . . . Kuo, T. B. (2015). Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 65, 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.003

Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2015). Short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale adapted to Spanish and French: Towards a cross-cultural research in problematic mobile phone use. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.013

Mawston, N. (2015, March 11). Two billion people worldwide now own a smartphone. Retrieved from https://www.strategyanalytics.com/strategyanalytics/blogs/media-services/travel-apps/handset-country-share/2015/03/11/twobillion-people-worldwide-now-own-a-smartphone#.Vjtd1KSSBxU

Montag, C., Błaszkiewicz, K., Sariyska, R., Lachmann, B., Andone, I., Trendafilov, B., . . . Markowetz, A. (2015). Smartphone usage in the 21st century: Who is active on WhatsApp? BMC research notes, 8(article 331). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1280-z

Nielsen, P., & Fjuk, A. (2010). The reality beyond the hype: Mobile Internet is primarily an extension of PC-based Internet. The Information Society, 26, 375-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2010.511561

Noyan, C., Darçin, A., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2014). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale - Short Version among university students. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 16, 73-81. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.176101

Raento, M., Oulasvirta, A., & Eagle, N. (2009). Smartphones an emerging tool for social scientists. Sociological Methods & Research, 37, 426-454. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124108330005

Raudsepp, K. (2012). Internetisõltuvus ja selle seosed kooliga seotud teguritega kahe Tartu linna kooli näitel [Internet addiction and its relationship with school factors on the example of two schools in Tartu] (Master’s thesis). University of Tartu, Department of Education.

Rozgonjuk, D., Rosenvald, V., & Täht, K. (2016, June). Adaptation and Validation of the 33-item Estonian Smartphone Addiction Scale (E-SAS-33). Poster presented at the 21st Annual CyberPsychology, CyberTherapy & Social Networking Conference (CYPSY21), Dublin, Ireland.

Rutland, J. B., Sheets, T., & Young, T. (2007). Development of a scale to measure problem use of short message service: The SMS problem use diagnostic questionnaire. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10, 841-844. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9943

Pies, R. (2009). Should DSM-V designate “internet addiction” a mental disorder? Psychiatry (Edgmont), 6(2), 31–37.

Samaha, M., & Hawi, N. S. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 321-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045

Simisker, H., Kivilo, K., Aak, L., Järv, J., & Kaal, E. (2014). Nutiseadmete kasutajate turvateadlikkuse ja turvalise käitumise uuring [The study of smart device users' security awareness and secure behaviour]. TNS Emor. Retrieved from http://www.vaatamaailma.ee/wp-content/uploads/veeb-Nutiseadmete-kasutajate-turvateadlikkuse-ja-turvalise-k%C3%A4itumiseuuring_ARUANNE-2014.pdf

Thomée, S., Härenstam, A., & Hagberg, M. (2011). Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults - A prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 11(article 66). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-66

Toda, M., Monden, K., Kubo, K., & Morimoto, K. (2004). Cellular phone dependence tendency of female university students. Japanese Journal of Hygiene, 59, 383-386. https://doi.org/10.1265/jjh.59.383

Tossel, C., Kortum, P., Shepard, C., Rahmati, A., & Zhong, L. (2015). Exploring smartphone addiction: Insights from long-term telemetric behavioral measures. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 9(2), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v9i2.4300

Saxena, Y., Shrivastava, A., & Singh, P. (2014). Mobile usage and sleep patterns among medical students. Indian Journal Physiol Pharmacol, 58, 100-103.

Young, K. S. (1998). Caught in the net: How to recognize the signs of internet addiction -- and a winning strategy for recovery. John Wiley & Sons.

Yu, H. G., & Son, C. (2016). Effects of ACT on smartphone addiction level, self-control, and anxiety of college students with smartphone addiction. Journal of Digital Convergence, 14, 415-426. https://doi.org/10.14400/jdc.2016.14.2.415

Metrics