The effects of text, audio, video, and in-person communication on bonding between friends
Vol.7,No.2(2013)
Emerging adulthood; digital communication; friendship; bonding
Lauren E. Sherman
Lauren Sherman, M.A., is a Ph.D. student in developmental psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and a researcher at the Children’s Digital Media Center@Los Angeles. She studies the ways that adolescents and emerging adults use digital technology to interact with peers and the way these interactions influence social development. Lauren is a trainee for the FPR-UCLA Center for Culture, Brain, and Development, where she studies the intersections of social and neural development during adolescence.
Minas Michikyan
Minas Michikyan, M.A., is a lecturer in the Department of Psychology at California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), and a researcher at the Children's Digital Media Center @Los Angeles (CSULA/UCLA), the Multicultural Research Center (CSULA), and the Digital Learning and Development Lab (University of Southern California). Minas' research focuses on the role of culture in the social development and psychosocial well-being of youth, including examining how newer interactive media influence nonverbal social and emotional functioning, as well as self-presentation. Minas also studies cross-cultural issues in the context of development.
Patricia M. Greenfield
Patricia Greenfield, Ph.D., Distinguished Professor of Psychology at UCLA and Director of the Children’s Digital Media Center @ Los Angeles, is author of Mind and Media: The Effects of Television, Video Games, and Computers (1984), subsequently translated into nine languages and released as a classic edition in 2014; coeditor of Effects of Interactive Entertainment Technologies on Development (1994); coeditor of Children, Adolescents, and the Internet: A New Field of Inquiry in Developmental Psychology (2006); coeditor of Social Networking on the Internet: Developmental Implications (2008); and co-editor of Interactive Technologies and Human Development (2012). Her empirical research on the developmental implications of interactive media has included action video games, massive multiplayer online role-playing games, teen chat rooms, social networking sites, and YouTube. A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, she has received the Bronfenbrenner Award for Lifetime Contribution to Developmental Psychology in the Service of Science and Society from the American Psychological Association (2010) and the Distinguished Contribution to Cultural and Contextual Factors in Child Development award from the Society for Research in Child Development (2013).
Antheunis, M. L., Schouten, A. P., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2012). Interactive uncertainty reduction strategies and verbal affection in computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 39, 757-780. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211410420
Antheunis, M. L., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2012). The quality of online, offline, and mixed-mode friendships among users of a social networking site. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 6(3), article 1. Retrieved from http://www.cyberpsychology.eu/view.php?cisloclanku=2012120304. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2012-3-6
Antheunis, M. L., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007). Computer-mediated communication and interpersonal attraction: An experimental test of two explanatory hypotheses. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10, 831-836. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9945
Arnett, J. J. (2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood: Perspectives from adolescence to midlife. Journal of Adult Development, 8, 133-143.
Arnett, J. J., & Schwab, J. (2013). The Clark University Poll of Emerging Adults, 2012: Thriving, struggling, and hopeful. Worcester, MA: Clark University.
Baird, A. A. (2010). The terrible twelves. In P. D. Zelazo, M. Chandler, & E. Crone (Eds.), Developmental social cognitive neuroscience (pp. 191–207). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Bargh, J. A., McKenna, K. Y., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2002). Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the "true self" on the Internet. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 33-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00247
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Burgoon, J. K., Bonito, J. A., Ramirez, A., Dunbar, N. E., Kam, K., & Fischer, J. (2002). Testing the interactivity principle: Effects of mediation, propinquity, and verbal and nonverbal modalities in interpersonal interaction. Journal of Communication, 52, 657-677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2002.tb02567.x
Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (1986). Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design. Management Science, 32, 554-571. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.32.5.554
Duggan, M., & Brenner, J. (2013). The demographics of social media users – 2012. Pew Internet & American life project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2013/Social-media-users.aspx
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends”: Social capital and college students' use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 1143-1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Gonzaga, G. C., Keltner, D., Londahl, E. A., & Smith, M. D. (2001). Love and the commitment problem in romantic relations and friendship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 247-262. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.247
Gonzaga, G. C., Turner, R. A., Keltner, D., Campos, B., & Altemus, M. (2006). Romantic love and sexual desire in close relationships. Emotion, 6, 163-179. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.163
Goren, C. C., Sarty, M., & Wu, P. Y. (1975). Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants. Pediatrics, 56, 544-549.
Gross, E. F. (2004). Adolescent internet use: What we expect, what teens report. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 633-649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2004.09.005
Henderson, S., & Gilding, M. (2004). “I’ve never clicked this much with anyone in my life:” Trust and hyperpersonal communication in online friendships. New Media and Society, 6, 487-506. https://doi.org/10.1177/146144804044331
IBM Corp. (2012). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Keltner, D., & Bonanno, G. A. (1997). A study of laughter and dissociation: Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 687–702. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.687
Lenhart, A. (2012). Teens & online video. Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2012/Teens-and-online-video.aspx
Lenhart, A., Madden, M., Smith, A., Purcell, K., Zickuhr, K., & Rainie, L. (2011). Teens, kindness and cruelty on social network sites. Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/Teens-and-social-media.aspx
Lo, S. (2008). The nonverbal communication functions of emoticons in computer-mediated communication. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 595-597. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0132
Ma, C. Q., & Huebner, E. S. (2008). Attachment relationships and adolescents' life satisfaction: Some relationships matter more to girls than boys. Psychology in the Schools, 45, 177-190. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20288
Manago, A. M., Taylor, T., & Greenfield, P. M. (2012). Me and my 400 friends: The anatomy of college students' Facebook networks, their communication patterns, and well-being. Developmental Psychology, 48, 369-380. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026338
McClure, E. B., Monk, C. S., Nelson, E. E., Zarahn, E., Leibenluft, E., Bilder, R. M., et al. (2004). A developmental examination of gender differences in brain engagement during evaluation of threat. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 1047-1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.02.013
Messinger, D. S., Fogel, A., & Dickson, K. L. (2001). All smiles are positive, but some smiles are more positive than others. Developmental Psychology, 37, 642-653. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.642
Mol, E. M. M., Krahmer, E. J., Maes, A., & Swerts, M. (2011). Seeing and being seen: The effects on gesture production. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 17, 77-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01558.x
Parkins, R. (2012). Gender and emotional expressiveness: An analysis of prosodic features in emotional expression. Griffith Working Papers in Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication 5, 46-54.
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives and digital immigrants, MCB University Press, 9(5), 1-6.
Ray, G. B., & Floyd, K. (2006). Nonverbal expressions of liking and disliking in initial interactions: Encoding and decoding perspectives. Southern Communication Journal, 71, 45-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/10417940500503506
Reich, S. M., Subrahmanyam, K., & Espinoza, G. (2012). Friending, IMing, and hanging out face-to-face: Overlap in adolescents' online and offline social networks. Developmental Psychology, 48, 356-368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026980
Seltzer, L.J., Prososki, A.R., Ziegler, T.E., and Pollak, S.D. (2012). Instant messages versus human speech: Hormones and why we still need to hear each another. Evolution and Human Behavior. 33, 42-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.05.004
Short, J. A., Williams, E., & Christie, B. (1976). The social psychology of telecommunications. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Small, G., & Vorgan, G. (2008). iBrain: Surviving the technological alteration of the modern mind. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005
Stern, S. T. (2007). Instant identity: Adolescent girls and the world of instant messaging. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Subrahmanyam, K., Reich, S. M., Waechter, N., & Espinoza, G. (2008). Online and offline social networks: Use of social networking sites by emerging adults. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 420-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.003
Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. CyberPsychology & Behavior 7, 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1089/1094931041291295
Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J. B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another a bit at a time. Human Communication Research, 28, 317-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00811.x
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., & Liszkowski, U. (2007). A new look at infant pointing. Child development, 78, 705-722. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01025.x
Turkle, S. (2012). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007). Preadolescents’ and adolescents’ online communication and their closeness to friends. Developmental Psychology, 43, 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.267
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Social consequences of the Internet for adolescents: A decade of research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01595.x
Walther, J. B. (1992). Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: A relational perspective. Communication Research, 19, 52-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365092019001003
Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research, 23, 3-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365096023001001
Walther J. B. & D’Addario K. P. (2001). The impact of emoticons in message interpretation in computer-mediated communication. Social Science Computer Review, 19, 324-347. https://doi.org/10.1177/089443930101900307
Walther, J. B., Loh, T., & Granka, L. (2005). Let me count the ways: The interchange of verbal and nonverbal cues in computer-mediated and face-to-face affinity. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 24, 36-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X04273036
Williams, E. (1977). Experimental comparisons of face-to-face and mediated communication: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 963-976. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.963
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2013 Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace