Cyberbullying experiences on-the-go: When social media can become distressing
Vol.7,No.1(2013)
Special issue: Children in cyberspace: Opportunities, risks and safety
cyberbullying; bullying; adolescence; aggression; social networking
Anke Görzig
Anke Görzig is Visiting Fellow at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) as well as Honorary Senior Research Associate at University College London (UCL). She was the Survey Research Officer of the EU Kids Online II project. Anke received her PhD in Psychology from the University of Mannheim and has extensive experience in quantitative research in the social sciences.
Lara A. Frumkin
Lara Frumkin is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology at the University of East London. She received her BS, MA and PhD in Psychology in the USA. Lara has previously worked at the American Psychological Association, the US Justice Department, Middlesex University and the Institute of Education.
Berson I. R., Berson M. J., & Ferron J. M. (2007). Emerging risks of violence in the digital age: Lessons for educators from an online study of adolescent girls in the United States. Retrieved from: http://www.ncsu.edu/meridian/sum2002/cyberviolence/cyberviolence.pdf
Blair, J. (2003). New breed of bullies torment peers on the Internet. Education Week, 22(1), 6-7.
Browne, W. J., Subramanian, S. V., Jones, K., & Goldstein, H. (2005). Variance partitioning in multilevel logistic models that exhibit overdispersion. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 168, 599–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985X.2004.00365.x
Campbell, M. A. (2005). Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal Of Guidance & Counselling, 15, 68-76. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.15.1.68
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
Coleman, J., & Hagell, A. (Eds.). (2007). Adolescence, risk and resilience: Against the odds. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Coyne, S. M., Archer, J., & Eslea, M. (2006). ‘‘We’re not friends anymore! Unless….’’: The frequency and harmfulness of indirect, relational, and social aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 294–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20126
Cross, D., Shaw, T., Hearn, L., Epstein, M., Monks, H., Lester, L., & Thomas, L. (2009). Australian covert bullying prevalence study (ACBPS). Perth, Child Health Promotion Research Centre, Edith Cowan University.
Digital buzz blog (2011). Facebook statistics, stats & facts for 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.digitalbuzzblog.com/facebook-statistics-stats-facts-2011
Dooley, J. J., Cross, D., Hearn, L., & Treyvaud, R. (2009). Review of existing Australian and international cyber-safety research. Edith Cowan University.
Dowell, E. B., Burgess, A. W., & Cavanaugh, D. J. (2009). Clustering of Internet risk behaviors in a middle school student population. Journal of School Health, 79, 547 - 553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00447.x
Due, P., Holstein, B. E., Lynch, J., Diderichsen, F., Gabhain, S. N., Scheidt, P., & Currie, C. (2005). Bullying and symptoms among school-aged children: International comparative cross sectional study in 28 countries. European Journal of Public Health, 15, 128-132. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cki105
Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of Internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society, 12, 109-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341260
Farmer, A., Redman, K., Harris, T., Mahmood, A., Sadler, S., & McGuffin, P. (2001). Sensation-seeking, life events and depression: The Cardiff Depression Study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 549-552. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.6.549
Forero, R., McLellan, L., Rissel, C., & Baumann, A. (1999). Bullying behaviour and psychosocial health among school students in New South Wales, Australia: Cross sectional survey. British Medical Journal, 319, 344–351. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7206.344
Gentile, B., Twenge, J. M., Freeman, E. C., & Campbell, W. (2012). The effect of social networking websites on positive self-views: An experimental investigation. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 1929–1933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.012
GfK (2012). Smartphone Instant Messaging: The dawn of a new era in communication. Retrieved from http://www.gfktechtalk.com/2012/01/30/smartphone-instant-messaging-the-dawn-of-a-new-era-in-communication/
Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, 38, 581-586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
Görzig, A. (2011). Who bullies and who is bullied online? EU Kids Online - Short Report. LSE, London: EU Kids Online. Retrieved from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/39601/
Görzig, A. (2012). Methodological framework: the EU Kids Online project. In S. Livingstone, L. Haddon, & A. Görzig (Eds.), Children, risk and safety online: Research and policy challenges in comparative perspective (pp. 15-32). Bristol: The Policy Press.
Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2013). What makes a bully a cyberbully? Unravelling the characteristics of cyberbullies across twenty-five European countries. Journal of Children and Media, 7, 9-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2012.739756
Gradinger, P., Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C. (2009). Traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Identification of risk groups for adjustment problems. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217, 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.205
GSMA Mobile Media Metrics (2010). Mobile social networking – the statistics are compelling. Retrieved from: http://mobithinking.com/blog/mobile-net-stats
Hasebrink, S., Görzig, A. S., Haddon, L. G., Kalmus, V., & Livingstone, S. (2011). Patterns of risk and safety online: In-depth analyses from the EU Kids Online survey of 9- to 16-year-olds and their parents in 25 European countries. LSE, London: EU Kids Online. Retrieved from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/39356/
Hasebrink, U., Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., & Ólafsson, K. (2009). Comparing Children's Online Opportunities and Risks across Europe: Cross-national Comparisons for EU Kids Online. LSE, London: EU Kids Online. Retrieved from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/24368/
Hawker, D. J., & Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, 41, 441-455. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00629
Juvonen, J., & Gross, E. F. (2008). Extending the school grounds? Bullying experiences in cyberspace. The Journal of School Health, 78, 496-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x
Kim, Y. S., Koh, Y. J., & Leventhal, B. (2005). School bullying and suicidal risk in Korean middle school students. Pediatrics, 115, 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-0902
Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), S22-S30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.017
Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P., & Agatston, P. W. (2008). Cyber bullying: Bullying in the digital age. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Kreft, I., & De Leeuw, J. (1998). Introducing multilevel modeling. London: Sage Publications.
Kumpulainen K., Räsänen E., & Henttonen I. (1998). Bullying and psychiatric symptoms among elementary school-age children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 705-717. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00049-0
Lee, J. (2005). Teens with mobiles to steal thunder from 3G revolution. Retrieved from: http://smh.com.au/articles/2005/02/16/1108500153501.html
Li, Q. (2007). New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(4), 1777-1791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2005.10.005
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., & Görzig, A. (2012) Children, Risk and Safety on the Internet: Kids online in comparative perspective. Bristol: The Policy Press.
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L. G., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011a). Risks and Safety on the Internet: The perspective of European Children - Full findings and policy implications from the EU Kids Online survey of 9-16 year olds and their parents in 25 countries. LSE, London: EU Kids Online. Retrieved from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33731/
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L. G., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011b). The 2010 EU Kids Online Survey: A technical report and a user guide. LSE, London: EU Kids Online. Retrieved from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/45271/
Manago, A. M., Taylor, T., & Greenfield, P. M. (2012). Me and my 400 friends: The anatomy of college students' Facebook networks, their communication patterns, and well-being. Developmental Psychology, 48, 369-380. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026338
Mann, B. L. (2009). Social networking websites – a concatenation of impersonation, denigration, sexual aggressive solicitation, cyber-bullying or happy slapping videos. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 17, 252–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/ean008
Mesch, G. S. (2009). Parental mediation, online activities, and cyberbullying. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12, 387-393. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0068
Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M. D., Haynie, D. L., Ruan, W. J., & Scheidt, P. C. (2003) Relationships between bullying and violence among US youth. Archives of paediatrics and adolescent medicine, 157, 348-353.
National Children’s Home (2002). The end of my tether?: How to cope when you and your teenager are having problems. Retrieved from: www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/profile.asp?guid=3ab19ef0-708e-4184-8c32-778a1aeebf65
Ofcom (2011). Children and parents: Media use and attitudes report. Retrieved from: http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/media-literacy/oct2011/Children_and_parents.pdf
Office of National Statistics (2011). Internet access - households and individuals, 2011. Statistical Bulletin. Retrieved from: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_227158.pdf
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Ortega, R., Elipe, P., Mora-Merchán, J. A., Calmaestra, J., & Vega, E. (2009). The emotional impact on victims of traditional bullying and cyberbullying: A study of Spanish adolescents. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217, 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.197
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Trends in online social networking: Adolescent use of MySpace over time. New Media & Society, 12, 197-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341857
Perren, S., Dooley, J., Shaw, T., & Cross, D. (2010). Bullying in school and cyberspace: Associations with depressive symptoms in Swiss and Australian adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 4, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-4-28
Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt, P., & Runnel, P. (2012). Online opportunities. In S. Livingstone, L. Haddon & A. Görzig (Eds.), Children, risk and safety online: Research and policy challenges in comparative perspective. Bristol: The Policy Press.
Raskauskas, J., & Stoltz, A. D. (2007). Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 43, 564-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.564
Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models. Applications and data analysis methods (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Reid, P., Monsen, J., & Rivers, I. (2004). Psychology's contribution to understanding and managing bullying within schools. Educational Psychology in Practice, 20, 241-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/0266736042000251817
Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., & Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M2. Media in the lives of 8–18-year-olds. Washington, DC: Henry J. Kaiser Foundation.
Schoon, I. (2006). Risk and resilience: Adaptations in changing times. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Slater, M. D., Henry, K. L., Swaim, R., & Cardador, J. M. (2004). Vulnerable teens, vulnerable times: How sensation seeking, alienation, and victimization moderate the violent media content-aggressiveness relation. Communication Research, 31, 642-668. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650204269265
Slonje, R., Smith, P. K., & Frisen, A. (2013). The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.024
Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying?. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x
Smith, P. (2011, September). Progress in cyberbullying research. Paper presented at the conference Children, risk and safety online: Research and policy challenges in comparative perspective, London.
Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
Smith, R. E., Ptacek, J. T., & Smoll, F. L. (1992). Sensation seeking, stress, and adolescent injuries: A test of stress-buffering, risk-taking, and coping skills hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1016-1024. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1016
Spears, B., Slee, P., Owens, L., & Johnson, B. (2009). Behind the scenes and screens: Insights into the human dimension of covert and cyberbullying. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217, 189-196. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.189
Steinberg, L., Albert, D., Cauffman, E., Banich, M., Graham, S., & Woolard, J. (2008). Age differences in sensation seeking and impulsivity as indexed by behavior and self-report: Evidence for a dual systems model. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1764-1778. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012955
Stephenson, M. T., Hoyle, R. H., Palmgreen, P., & Slater, M. D. (2003). Brief measures of sensation seeking for screening and large-scale surveys. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 72, 279-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.08.003
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Thelwall, M. (2008). Social networks, gender and friending: An analysis of MySpace member profiles. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59, 1321–1330. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20835
Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
Willard, N. E. (2007). Cyber-bullying and cyber-threats: Responding to the challenge of online social aggression, threats, and distress. Illinois: Research Press.
Williams, K. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2007). Prevalence and predictors of internet bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.018
Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., & Mitchell, K. (2008). Is talking online to unknown people always risky? Distinguishing online interaction styles in a national sample of youth internet users. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 340-343. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0044
Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004a). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1308-1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x
Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004b). Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver-child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.007
Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2013 Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace