The effectiveness of safe surfing, an anti-cyberbullying intervention program in reducing online and offline bullying and improving perceived popularity and self-esteem

Adler, P. A., Kless, S. J., & Adler, P. (1992). Socialization to gender roles: Popularity among elementary school boys and girls. Sociology of Education, 65(3), 169–187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2112807

Aizenkot, D. (2017a). שיימינג בווטסאפ בקרב ילדים ובני נוער בישראל: מחקר חלוץ [WhatsApp cyberbullying among children and adolescents in Israel: A pilot research]. Educational Counseling, 20, 363–389. https://www.shaanan.ac.il/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/20-gilayon-male-1.pdf

Aizenkot, D. (2017b). גולשים בטוח: תכנית התערבות למניעת פגיעה ברשת ולטיפוח תקשורת מיטבית לבית הספר היסודי, כיתות ד'-ו' [Safe Surfing: Intervention program for online safe communication]. https://drive.google.com/file/d/14pP_hpKK5b6QzaghLYI-V-XrMQ_mLULR/view

Aizenkot, D., & Kashy-Rosenbaum, G. (2018). Cyberbullying in WhatsApp classmates’ groups: Evaluation of a prevention program implemented in Israeli elementary and middle schools. New Media & Society, 20(12), 4709–4727. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818782702

Aizenkot, D., & Kashy-Rosenbaum, G. (2019). Cyberbullying victimization in WhatsApp classmate groups among Israeli elementary, middle, and high school students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519842860

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

Badaly, D., Kelly, B. M., Schwartz, D., & Dabney-Lieras, K. (2013). Longitudinal associations of electronic aggression and victimization with social standing during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(6), 891–904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9787-2

Barkoukis, V., Lazuras, L., Ourda, D., & Tsorbatzoudis, H. (2016). Tackling psychosocial risk factors for adolescent cyberbullying: Evidence from a school-based intervention. Aggressive Behavior, 42(2), 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21625

Beldean-Galea, I. E., Ţigan, Ş. I., Stan, C., & Dobrean, A. (2012). Efficacy study of a primary intervention school violence program. Applied Medical Informatics, 31(3), 47–54. http://ami.info.umfcluj.ro/index.php/AMI/article/view/388/pdf

Brighi, A., Guarini, A., Melotti, G., Galli, S., & Genta, M. L. (2012). Predictors of victimisation across direct bullying, indirect bullying and cyberbullying. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17(3-4), 375–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2012.704684

Brown, S. L., Birch, D. A., & Kancherla, V. (2005). Bullying perspectives: Experiences, attitudes, and recommendations of 9- to 13-year-olds attending health education centers in the United States. Journal of School Health, 75(10), 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.tb06642.x

Cantone, E., Piras, A. P., Vellante, M., Preti. A, Daníelsdóttir, S., D’Aloja, E., Lesinskiene, S., Anermeyer, M. C., Carta, M. G., & Bhugra, D. (2015). Interventions on bullying and cyberbullying in schools: A systematic review. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 11, 58–76. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901511010058

Chaux, E., Velásquez, A. M., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., & Scheithauer, H. (2016). Effects of the cyberbullying prevention program media heroes (Medienhelden) on traditional bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 42(2), 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21637

Closson, L. M., & Wantanabe, L. (2018). Popularity in the peer group and victimization within friendship cliques during early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(3), 327–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431616670753

Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020149

Craig, W., Harel-Fisch, Y., Fogel-Grinvald, H., Dostaler, S., Hetland, J., Simons-Morton, B., Molcho, M., de Mato, M. G., Overpeck, M., Due, P., Pickett, W., the HBSC Violence & Injuries Prevention Focus Group, & the HBSC Bullying Writing Group (2009). A cross-national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries. International Journal of Public Health, 54(2), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-5413-9

de Bruyn, E. H., Cillessen, A. H. N., & Wissink, I. B. (2010). Associations of peer acceptance and perceived popularity with bullying and victimization in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(4), 543–566. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431609340517

de Bruyn, E. H., & van den Boom, D. C. (2005). Interpersonal behavior, peer popularity and self-esteem in early adolescence. Social Development, 14(4), 555–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2005.00317.x

Desjarlais, M., & Willoughby, T. (2010). A longitudinal study of the relation between adolescent boys and girls’ computer use with friends and friendship quality: Support for the social compensation or the rich-get-richer hypothesis? Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 896–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.02.004

Durlak, J. A., & DuPre, E. P. (2008). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(3-4), 327–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-008-9165-0

Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society, 12(1), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-008-9165-0

Erdur Baker, Ö., & Tanrıkulu, İ., (2009). Cyber bullying in Turkey its correlates and links to depressive symptoms. Journal of eHealth Technology and Application, 7, 16–23.

Extremera, N., Quintana-Orts, C., Mérida-López, S., & Rey, L. (2018). Cyberbullying victimization, self-esteem and suicidal ideation in adolescence: Does emotional intelligence play a buffering role? Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 367. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00367

Gaffney, H., Farrington, D. P., Espelage, D. L., & Ttofi, M. M. (2019). Are cyberbullying intervention and prevention programs effective? A systematic and meta-analytical review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 134–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.07.002

Garaigordobil, M., & Martínez-Valderrey, V. (2015). Effects of Cyberprogram 2.0 on “face-to-face” bullying, cyberbullying, and empathy. Psicothema, 27(1), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2014.78

Gradinger, P., Strohmeier, D., Schiller, E. M., Stefanek, E., & Spiel, C. (2012). Cyber-victimization and popularity in early adolescence: Stability and predictive associations. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 228–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2011.643171

Hank, P., & Baltes-Götz, B. (2019). The stability of self-esteem variability: A real-time assessment. Journal of Research in Personality, 79, 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.03.004

Heiman, T., & Olenik-Shemesh, D. (2015). Cyberbullying experience and gender differences among adolescents in different educational settings. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 48(2), 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219413492855

Heirman, W., & Walrave, M. (2012). Predicting adolescent perpetration in cyberbullying: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Psicothema, 24(4), 614–620.

Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2010.494133

Hinduja. S., & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29(2), 129–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620701457816

Hobfoll, S. E., & Walfisch, S. (1984). Coping with a threat to life: A longitudinal study of self-concept, social support, and psychological distress. American Journal of Community Psychology, 12(1), 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00896930

Israeli Ministry of Education (2015). הנהלים לפעילות מחקרית במערכת החינוך [Procedures for research activity in the education system]. http://apps.education.gov.il/mankal/horaa.aspx?siduri=129#_Toc256000072

Juvonen, J., & Gross, E. F. (2008). Extending the school grounds?—Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School Health, 78(9), 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x

Konkabaeva, A. E., Kusherbaev, S. A., Kystaubaeva, Z. T., Tykezhanova, G. M., & Sadykova, A. J. (2013). The influence of study load on the psycho-emotional state of schoolchildren at schools of innovative type. Evropejskij Issledovatelʹ, 39(1-2), 109–113.

Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(Suppl. 6), S22–S30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.017

Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(Suppl. 1), S13–S20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018

Kowalski, R. M., Morgan, C. A., & Limber, S. P. (2012). Traditional bullying as a potential warning sign of cyberbullying. School Psychology International, 33(5), 505–519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312445244

LaFontana, K. M., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2010). Developmental changes in the priority of perceived status in childhood and adolescence. Social Development, 19(1), 130–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00522.x

Law, D. M., Shapka, J. D., Hymel, S., Olson, B. F., & Waterhouse, T. (2012). The changing face of bullying: An empirical comparison between traditional and internet bullying and victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), 226–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.09.004

Lazuras, L., Barkoukis, V., & Tsorbatzoudis, H. (2017). Face-to-face bullying and cyberbullying in adolescents: Trans-contextual effects and role overlap. Technology in Society, 48, 97–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2016.12.001

Li, Q. (2007). Bullying in the new playground: Research into cyberbullying and cyber victimization. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23(4), 435–454. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.1245

Litwack, S. D., Aikins, J. W., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2012). The distinct roles of sociometric and perceived popularity in friendship: Implications for adolescent depressive affect and self-esteem. Journal of Early Adolescence, 32(2), 226–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431610387142

Lonardo, R. A., Giordano, P. C., Longmore, M. A., & Manning, W. D. (2009). Parents, friends, and romantic partners: Enmeshment in deviant networks and adolescent delinquency involvement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(3), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9333-4

Machimbarrena, J. M., Calvete, E., Fernández-González, L., Álvarez-Bardón, A., Álvarez-Fernández, L., & González-Cabrera, J. (2018). Internet risks: An overview of victimization in cyberbullying, cyber dating abuse, sexting, online grooming and problematic Internet use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), Article 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112471

Marsh, H. W., & O’Mara, A. (2008). Reciprocal effects between academic self-concept, self-esteem, achievement, and attainment over seven adolescent years: Unidimensional and multidimensional perspectives of self-concept. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(4), 542–552. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207312313

Martínez-Ferrer, B., Moreno, D., & Musitu, G. (2018). Are adolescents engaged in the problematic use of social networking sites more involved in peer aggression and victimization? Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 801. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00801

Mayeux, L., Houser, J. J., & Dyches, K. D. (2011). Social acceptance and popularity: Two distinct forms of peer status. In A. H. N. Cillessen, D. Schwartz, & L. Mayeux (Eds.). Popularity in the peer system (pp. 79–102). The Guilford Press.

Mitchell, K. J., & Jones, L. M. (2015). Cyberbullying and bullying must be studied within a broader peer victimization framework. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(5), 473–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.02.005

Navarro, R., Yubero, S., & Larrañaga, E. (2015). Psychosocial risk factors for involvement in bullying behaviors: Empirical comparison between cyberbullying and social bullying victims and bullies. School Mental Health, 7(4), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-015-9157-9

O’Keeffe, G. S., Clarke-Pearson, K., & Council on Communications and Media. (2011). On Communications and media. Clinical report-the impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 127, 800–804. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0054

Olweus, D. (1991). Victimization among school children. In R. Baenninger (Ed.), Advances in psychology (Vol. 76, pp. 45–102). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)61056-0

Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Blackwell Publishing.

Olweus, D. (1994). Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35(7), 1171–1190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01229.x

Olweus, D. (2013). School bullying: Development and some important challenges. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 751–780. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185516

Ortega-Barón, J., Buelga, S., Ayllón, E., Martínez-Ferrer, B., & Cava, M.-J. (2019). Effects of intervention program Prev@cib on traditional bullying and cyberbullying. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(4), Article 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040527

Palermiti, A. L., Servidio, R., Bartolo, M. G., & Costabile, A. (2017). Cyberbullying and self-esteem: An Italian study. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.026

Palladino, B. E., Nocentini, A., & Menesini, E. (2016). Evidence-based intervention against bullying and cyberbullying: Evaluation of the NoTrap! program in two independent trials. Aggressive Behavior, 42(2), 194–206. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21636

Parkhurst, J. T., & Hopmeyer, A. (1998). Sociometric popularity and peer-perceived popularity: Two distinct dimensions of peer status. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 18(2), 125–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431698018002001

Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204006286288

Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and self-esteem. Journal of School Health, 80(12), 614–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00548.x

Patchin, J.W., & Hinduja, S. (2012). Cyberbullying: An update and synthesis of the research. In J.W. Patchin, & S. Hinduja (Eds.), Cyberbullying prevention and response: Expert perspectives (pp. 13–35). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203818312

Payne, A. A., & Hutzell, K. L. (2017). Old wine, new bottle? Comparing Interpersonal bullying and cyberbullying victimization. Youth & Society, 49(8), 1149–1178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X15617401

Pellegrini, A. D., Roseth, C. J., Ryzin, M. J. V., & Solberg, D. W. (2011). Popularity as a form of social dominance: An evolutionary perspective. In A. H. N. Cillessen, D. Schwartz, & L. Mayeux (Eds.). Popularity in the peer system (pp. 123–139). The Guilford Press.

Perren, S., Dooley, J., Shaw, T., & Cross, D. (2010). Bullying in school and cyberspace: Associations with depressive symptoms in Swiss and Australian adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 4, Article 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-4-28

Pham, T., & Adesman, A. (2015). Teen victimization: Prevalence and consequences of traditional and cyberbullying. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 27(6), 748–756. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000290

Piers, E.V., & Harris, D. B. (2002). Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale: Second Edition. Western Psychological Services.

RAMA-The national authority for measurement and evaluation in education. (2016). ניטור רמת האלימות בבתי הספר על-פי דיווחי תלמידים: נתונים מתוך סקרי ניטור אלימות תשע"ה, תשע"ג, תשע"א ותשס"ט [Monitoring the level of violence in schools according to student reports: Data from violence analysis surveys]. https://edu.gov.il/owlHeb/Yesodi/RegulationsAndAdministrations/Safety/Documents/Nitur_Alimut_Report_2015.pdf

Ranney, J. D., & Troop-Gordon, W. (2020). The role of popularity and digital self-monitoring in adolescents' cyberbehaviors and cybervictimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.023

Roberto, A. J., & Eden, J. (2010). Cyberbullying: Aggressive communication in a digital age. In T. Avtgis & A. S. Rancer (Eds.), Arguments, aggression, and conflict: New directions in theory and research (pp. 198–216). Routledge.

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400876136

Runions, K. C. (2013). Toward a conceptual model of motive and self-control in cyber-aggression: Rage, revenge, reward and recreation. Journal of Adolescence, 42(5), 751–771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9936-2

Sandstrom, M. J., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2006). Likeable versus popular: Distinct implications for adolescent adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(4), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025406072789

Shapiro, S. S., & Wilk, M. B. (1965). An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52(3-4), 591–611. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591

Shorkey, C. T., & Whiteman, V. L. (1978). Correlations between standard English and dialectical Spanish versions of five personality scales. Psychological Reports, 43(3), 910–910. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1978.43.3.910

Silber, E., & Tippett, J. S. (1965). Self-esteem: Clinical assessment and measurement validation. Psychological Reports, 16(Suppl. 3), 1017-1071. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1965.16.3c.1017

Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x

Slonje, R., Smith, P. K., & Frisén, A. (2017). Perceived reasons for the negative impact of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 14(3), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2016.1200461

Stice, E., Ragan, J., & Randall, P. (2004). Prospective relations between social support and depression: Differential direction of effects for parent and peer support? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.155

Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. Norton.

Tanrikulu, İ. (2018). Cyberbullying prevention and intervention programs in schools: A systematic review. School Psychology International, 39(1), 74–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034317745721

Tanrikulu, İ. (2019). How do school children learn cyberbullying perpetration? Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 12(1), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.512556

Telegina, N. V., & Belicheva, T. V. (2016). The criteria of adaptation of primary school pupils to the academic load of the increased intensity. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(8), 2059–2067. http://www.ijese.net/makale/374.html

Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014

Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., Moffitt, T. E., Robins, R. W., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2006). Low self-esteem during adolescence predicts poor health, criminal behavior, and limited economic prospects during adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.381

Twyman, K., Saylor, C., Taylor, L. A., & Comeaux, C. (2010). Comparing children and adolescents engaged in cyberbullying to matched peers. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(2), 195–199. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0137

Van der Graaff, J., Carlo, G., Crocetti, E., Koot, H. M., & Branje, S. (2018). Prosocial behavior in adolescence: Gender differences in development and links with empathy. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(5), 1086–1099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0786-1

Waasdorp, T. E., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2015). The co-occurrence between cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(5), 483–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.12.002

Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Nansel, T. R. (2009). School bullying among adolescents in the United States: Physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(4), 368–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.021

Weiss, T., & Yalon-Chamovitz, S. (2007). חקירת תפקידה של המציאות המדומה עבור בוגרים צעירים עם מגבלות שכליות ופיסיות [Investigation of the role of virtual reality for young adults with intellectual and physical impairment]. Haifa University.